Tree of Knowledge

The Tree of Knowledge It is important for society to find a reliable source of knowledge, as it is a powerful factor which helps society to attain success. As a good example of the significance of knowledge for society, the Tree of Knowledge from the Garden of Eden represents, not just a source of absolute knowledge, but how desperately human nature seeks that perfect source. However, the Tree of Knowledge does not exist in the real world.Thus, society is facing a problem of finding the most effective way to produce accurate knowledge because mistaken knowledge has no value. In his essay â€Å"The Hive,† historian and writer Marshall Poe points out two sources for knowledge: social consensus and experts. In the past, it was hard to gather knowledge efficiently due to equivocation, and experts were considered to be the most reliable source of knowledge. But today, the Internet has provided society with the convenient environment for finding and storing information.In his essay, Poe discusses the phenomenon of the web-site Wikipedia as an example of a successful effort in collaborative knowledge, which is produced during the process of communication and negotiation by society and experts concerning the information regarding an object of study. A professor at Harvard University and author of â€Å"Reporting Live from Tomorrow,† Daniel Gilbert suggests relying on the experiences of others, whom he calls â€Å"surrogates,† in order to obtain more reliable knowledge. Collaborative knowledge is based on society’s collective experiences.It is meant to accumulate and constantly update information from society. On the other hand, experts are a key for progress in society as they perform deeper research about a subject. Therefore, in order to produce reliable knowledge, society must consult with experts, while experts should consider the experiences of other people when conducting their research. It might seem at the first sight that the only r eliable source of knowledge are experts, as they have more intense and prolonged experiences through practice and education in a particular field.Therefore, it is a common belief that in order to obtain true knowledge, society has to rely on the competence of experts. In his essay, Poe says that one of the criticisms of Wikipedia in its early stage was the point that â€Å"unless experts were writing and vetting the material, the articles were inevitably going to be inaccurate† (Poe 275). However, human history provides evidence that refutes this statement by proving that what once was considered as absolute knowledge was later questioned.For example, in the 18th century, Isaac Newton’s laws of motion became a revolution in a scientific world and for the next 200 years they remained incontestable until Albert Einstein introduced his ideas that revealed shortcomings of Newton’s theory. Thus, society cannot blindly rely on the conclusions of experts because, at th eir core, they are like all other people who â€Å"pass along [their] beliefs in an effort to create people whose minds think like [theirs]† (Gilbert 171).According to Gilbert, â€Å"almost any time we tell anyone anything, we are attempting to change the way their brains operate – attempting to change the way they see the world so that their view of it more closely resembles our own† (Gilbert 171). Experts attempt to do same thing, but their reputation in society gives their ideas an advantage to be successfully transmitted and accepted as knowledge. Still, accuracy of this knowledge might be questionable in the future. In order to understand how society decides if a certain idea or belief can become knowledge, it is important to look at the process of producing knowledge.Individuals generate personal beliefs from their own views. However, these views are based on already existing socio-cultural knowledge. Afterwards, using shared language, individuals bring th eir ideas and beliefs to society by making public statements. Further, these beliefs may become knowledge through social interaction, communication, discussion, clarification, and negotiation. According to Gilbert, â€Å"any belief †¦ that increases communication has a good chance of being transmitted over and over again† (Gilbert 173). Therefore, social interaction is a medium that allows ideas to become a part of collaborative knowledge.However, in his essay, Gilbert points out that while â€Å"accurate beliefs give [society] power, which makes it easier to understand why they are so readily transmitted from one mind to another,† false beliefs have a great chance to be propagated if they â€Å"happen to promote stable societies †¦ because people who hold these beliefs tend to live in stable societies, which provide the means by which false beliefs propagate† (Gilbert 173). Thus, even false ideas may become knowledge if society decides so. Such decisi ons might lead to absurd conclusions that have no value for society.According to Poe, â€Å"the community decides that two plus two equals four the same way it decides what apple is: by consensus †¦ [but] if the community changes its mind and decides that two plus two equals five, then two plus two does equal five† (Poe 275). In other words, society has an ability to make judgments of truth and falsehood, and knowledge produced by social consensus can be misleading and inaccurate. Nevertheless, inaccurate knowledge, sooner or later, will be revealed and questioned by society because the primary purpose of knowledge is to serve the needs of society and help it to improve and grow.Individuals, as well as the whole society, can only attain success and progress if they have a reliable source of knowledge. It is a strong incentive that makes people search for truth. In his essay, Poe points out that people who contribute into Wikipedia have â€Å"no interest other then truth in doing all this work† (Poe 277). Today, the vast interconnectedness of the Internet makes it possible for individuals from all over the world to share their experiences and ideas on the global level.Thereby, collaborative knowledge can be constantly negotiated, updated, and renegotiated, and its quality may improve just like â€Å"the quality on articles [in Wikipedia] generally increases with the number of eyeballs† (Poe 276). As the process of producing collaborative knowledge improves its reliability, efficiency, and fecundity with the new era of Internet technologies, it creates a very valuable database for experts, who can use collaborative knowledge as a resource of information and experiences collected by society for expertise.According to Gilbert, â€Å"humanity is a living library of information about what it feels like to do just about anything† (Gilbert 171). Every individual possesses a great deal of unique accumulative knowledge that he or she gai ned throughout life. That is why experiences of other individuals should be taken into account by experts in order to produce more accurate and objective knowledge. Today, in the Internet environment, it has become much easier to find surrogates with particular experiences.Experts should consider these experiences during their research and constantly update their data and information based on collaborative knowledge. On the other hand, the fact that the Internet has gained so much popularity in society might make people neglect the role of experts in the process of producing knowledge. Since it has become relatively easy to find surrogates in the virtual environment and ask them directly about their experiences, collaborative knowledge might be sufficient enough to fulfill society’s needs as a dependable source of knowledge. In his essay, Poe points out that given the right technology, large groups of self-interested individuals will unite to create something they could not p roduce by themselves† (Poe 267). Wikipedia is a good example of this phenomenon. â€Å"Instead of relying on experts to write articles according to their expertise, Wikipedia lets anyone write about anything† (Poe 264). Based on a large number of individuals who are constantly working on improving articles and people’s tendencies to strive for truth, Wikipedia could become the end of the search for a reliable source of knowledge. However, it is important not to underestimate the role of experts in society.In his essay, Gilbert noticed that, if you ask a child what to do when an individual is hesitating about making some decision, the child will say that â€Å"[he or she] should ask the teacher† (Gilbert 170). Throughout all human history, experts were called in for advice on their respective subject because of their extensive knowledge or ability based on research, experience, or occupation in a particular area of study. Their knowledge and experiences are already unique, simply because experts spend more time studying the subject than an average person. It explains the fact that most innovations in human society were made by experts.Moreover, by collecting and systematizing experiences of other individuals, experts serve as surrogates for society as well. Overtime, results of their research projects accepted as knowledge become a part of social consensus. Thereby, expertise is still very important and must be taken into consideration by society as a source of knowledge. In order to be completely reliable, knowledge requires absolute certainty, as opposite to belief or opinion about which there is more doubt. However, as a process of social communication, knowledge is never absolute.Although its character is to be taken as final truth, knowledge remains as a subject of possible future questioning, reinterpretation, and negotiation. The Tree of Knowledge, as a source of true knowledge, is an unattainable aim for society. Neither exper tise nor collaborative knowledge alone can be considered as the best way to produce knowledge. Only their collaboration can bring the most reliable results. Today, the Internet helps to speed up the processes of communication, storage, and negotiation of information that play a significant role in producing collaborative knowledge and positively affecting its quality.Thus, referring to society’s collaborative experience, experts can produce more objective and reliable knowledge. Works Cited Gilbert, Daniel. â€Å"Reporting Live from Tomorrow. † Emerging: Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. 169-189. Print. Poe, Marshall. â€Å"The Hive. † Emerging: Contemporary Readings for Writers. Ed. Barclay Barrios. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2010. 264-277. Print.

Mkt 505 Courseguide

MKT 505 – International Marketing COURSE DESCRIPTION This course reviews the organization for international marketing, foreign demand analysis, product development and policies, trade channels, promotion policies, pricing, and legal aspects. Emphasis is on development of effective international marketing strategy addressing the major global market areas (Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas). INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Required Resources Keegan, W. J. , & Green, M. C. (2011). Global marketing: 2011 custom edition (6th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall / Pearson. Supplemental Resources Colton, D. A. , Roth, M. S. & Bearden, W. O. (2010). Drivers of international e-Tail performance: The complexities of orientations and resources. Journal of International Marketing, 18(1), 1-22. Friedman, T. L. (2005). The World is flat 3. 0: A brief history of the twenty-first century, New York, NY: Picador. McCue, S. (2006). Force to force: Building profitable e-commerce strategies. Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education. Mulki, J. , Jaramillo, J. , & Locanders, W. (2009). Critical role of leadership on ethical climate and salesperson behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 86(2), 125-141. Okazaki, S. , Mueller, B. & Taylor, C. (2010). Global consumer culture positing: Testing perceptions of soft-sell and hard-sell advertising appeals between U. S. and Japanese consumers. Journal of International Marketing, 18(2), 20-34. Santos, N. J. , & Laczniak, G. R. (2009). Marketing to the poor: An integrative justice model for engaging impoverished market segments. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 28(1), 3-15. COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Formulate, implement, and evaluate effective marketing strategies based on an analysis of global operating environments, market dynamics, and internal capabilities. 2. Analyze the major economic, cultural, and political/legal aspects of the international business environment, including the economic dynamics of foreign trade, impact of regional and global trade integration, and key cultural dimensions affecting marketing operations. 3. Assess the potential risks and benefits of various international markets and formulate ffective market entry strategies to support foreign market expansion. 4. Integrate global information systems in the use of market research. 5. Integrate the concepts of market segmentation, product development, and pricing policies into viable marketing strategy to fit a variety of international market environments. 6. Configure product distribution channels and logistics to meet marketing objectives and fit a variety of global market envi ronments. 7. Analyze an integrated marketing communication (IMC) strategy to support global marketing operations. 2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 1 of 17 MKT 505 – International Marketing 8. Evaluate and adapt corporate marketing strategies to fit the changing dynamics of foreign markets and foster a competitive advantage. . Develop and integrate global e-Commerce into the marketing strategy. 10. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. 11. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. WEEKLY COURSE SCHEDULE The standard requirement for a 4. 5 credit hour course is for students to spend 13 . 5 hours in weekly work. This includes preparation, activities, and evaluation regardless of delivery mode. Week 1 Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 1: Introduction to Global Marketing o Case 1-2: McDonald’s Expands Globally While Adjusting Its Local Recipe Activities †¢ †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 2 †¢ None Reading(s) o Chapter 2: The Global Economic Environment o Chapter 3: Regional Market Characteristics and Preferential Trade Agreements Preparation 20 Preparation, Activities, and Evaluation Points e-Activity o Research the NAFTA trade agreement to determine the pros and cons of the agreement and the ethical issues of outsourcing as a byproduct of the agreement. Be prepared to discuss Activities †¢ †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 3 †¢ None Reading(s) o Chapter 4: Social and Cultural Environments o Chapter 5: The Political, Legal, and Regulatory Environments o Case 4-1 Disney Adapts to Cultural Differences e-Activity o Research the marketing mistakes that were made at Euro Disney. Be prepared to discuss. o Go to the Transparency International Website, located at http://www. transparency. org/, to review the global corruption Preparation 20 †¢  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 2 of 17 MKT 505 – International Marketing links. Determine the pros and cons of doing business in countries that are recognized as being corruptive. Be prepared to discuss. Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 4 Case Study 1: Acer (Case 1-3) 20 280 Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 6: Global Information Systems and Market Research o Chapter 7: Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning o Case 6-1: Market Research Transforms Coach Activities †¢ †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ Case Study 2: America's Cuban Conundrum (Case 5-1) 20 240 5 Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 8: Importing, Exporting, and Sourcing o Chapter 9: Global Market Entry Strategies: Licensing, Investment, and Strategic Alliances o Case 9-2: Jaguar’s Passage to India Activities †¢ †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ None Reading(s) o Chapter 10: Brand and Product Decisions in Global Marketing o Chapter 11: Pricing Decisions o Case 11-2: LVMH and Luxury Goods Marketing e-Activity o Research the NAFTA trade agreement and be prepared to discuss the pros and cons of the agreement and the ethical issues of outsourcing as a byproduct of the agreement. Be prepared to discuss. o The top-ranked brands for 2008 are shown in the textbook as Table 10-2. Browse through the list and choose any brand that interests you. Compare its 2008 ranking with the most recent ranking at http://www. usinessweek. com/interactive_reports/top_brands. html. Determine how the brand's ranking has changed and support your assessment with outside sources. Be prepared to discuss. 20 6 Preparation †¢ †¢  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise d isclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 3 of 17 MKT 505 – International Marketing Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 7 †¢ Case Study 3: Carmakers Target Gen Y (Case 7-2) Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 12: Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution o Chapter 13: Global Marketing Communications Decisions I: Advertising and Public Relations o Case 12-1: Tesco Expands in the United States Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 8 †¢ None Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 14: Global Marketing Communications Decisions II: Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Special Forms of Marketing Communications o Chapter 16: Strategic Elements of Competitive Advantage o Case 16-2: Kodak n the Twenty-First Century Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 9 Case Study 4: Advertising, Public Relations, and the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Case 13-1) 20 240 20 20 240 Preparation Reading(s) o Chapter 15: Digital Revolution o Case 15-1: Global Marketers Use Social Media Activities †¢ †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ None Reading(s) o Chapter 17: Leadership, Organization, and Corporate Social Responsibility o Case 17-2 Boeing versus Airbus: A Battle for the Skies e-Activity o Research the news and present a company that has currently violated its commitment to corporate social responsibility 20 10 Preparation †¢ †¢  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 4 of 17 MKT 505 – International Marketing (CSR). Be prepared to discuss. Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ 11 †¢ Case Study 5: eBay in Asia (Case 15-2) Preparation Reading(s) o Case 4-2: Barbie: Growing Pains as the American Girl Goes Global o Case 10-2: The Smart Car Activities †¢ Discussions Evaluation †¢ None 20 20 240 GRADING SCALE – GRADUATE Assignments Case Study 1: Acer (Case 1-3) Case Study 2: America's Cuban Conundrum (Case 5-1) Case Study 3: Carmakers Target Gen Y† (Case 7-2) Case Study 4: Advertising, Public Relations, and the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Case 13-1) Case Study 5: eBay in Asia (Case 15-2) Participation (22 discussions worth 10 points apiece) Totals Total Points 280 240 240 240 240 220 1,460 % of Grade 19% 16% 16% 16% 16% 15% 100% Points 1,314 – 1,460 1,168 – 1,313 1,022 – 1,167 Below 1,022 Percentage 90% – 100% 80% – 89% 70% – 79% Below 70% Grade A B C F  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 5 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Case Study 1: Acer (Case 1-3) Due Week 3 and worth 280 points Write a 4-5 page report that answers the following: 1. Acer's strategy has been described as â€Å"divide and conquer. † Compare and contrast this to Lenovo's strategy. . Explain how the â€Å"global markets-local markets† paradox figures into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. 3. Determine what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third-largest PC company, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. 4. Even before the current economic crisis deepened, growth in the U. S. PC market had begun to slow down. Despite strong competition from Dell and Hewlett-Packard, Acer’s U. S. market share increased from 1 percent in 2004 to 3. 3 percent by the end of 2006. Analyze Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. . Provide evidence from at least three (3) qualified sources with the answer to number four, e. g. , textbook, peer-reviewed journals, government, or professional organizations Websites. Note: Properly cite your sources in the report and on a separate reference page that follows the APA style conventions. Your assignment must: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. †¢ The specific Course Learning Outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Formulate, implement, and evaluate effective marketing strategies based on an analysis of global operating environments, market dynamics, and internal capabilities. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric. Points: 280 Criteria 1. Acer's strategy has been described as â€Å"divide and conquer. † Compare and contrast this to Lenovo's strategy. Weight: 20% 2. Explain how the â€Å"global markets-local markets† paradox figures Case Study 1: Acer (Case 1-3) Unacceptable (Below 70% F) Did not submit or incompletely compared and contrasted Acer’s strategy to Lenovo’s strategy. Did not submit or incompletely explained how the Fair (70-79% C) Partially compared and contrasted Acer’s strategy to Lenovo’s strategy. Proficient (80-89% B) Satisfactorily compared and contrasted Acer’s strategy to Lenovo’s strategy. Exemplary (90-100% A) Thoroughly compared and contrasted Acer’s strategy to Lenovo’s strategy. Partially explained how the â€Å"global markets-local Satisfactorily Thoroughly explained how the explained how the â€Å"global markets-local â€Å"global markets-local  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 6 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. Weight: 20% â€Å"global marketslocal markets† paradox figures into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. Did not submit or incompletely determined what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Did not submit or incompletely analyzed Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. No references provided. markets† paradox figures into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. Partially determined what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and HewlettPackard. Partially analyzed Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. markets† paradox figures into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. Satisfactorily determined what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and HewlettPackard. Satisfactorily analyzed Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. markets† paradox figures into Stan Shih’s strategy for China. Thoroughly determined what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and HewlettPackard. Thoroughly analyzed Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. 3. Determine what strategies Acer can apply to become the world’s third largest PC company, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard. Weight: 20% 4. Analyze Acer’s prospects for gaining further share in the United States. Weight: 20% 5. 3 References Weight: 10% 6. Clarity and writing mechanics. Weight: 10% More than 6 errors present Does not meet the required number of references; some or all references poor quality choices. 5-6 errors present Meets number of required references; all references high quality choices. 3-4 errors present Exceeds number of required references; all references high quality choices. 0-2 errors present  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 7 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Case Study 2: America's Cuban Conundrum (Case 5-1) Due Week 4 and worth 240 points Write a 4-5 page report that answers the following: 1. Analyze the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. 2. Decide who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. . Compose a resolution to the trade situation between the U. S. and Cuba. 4. Given that trade relations resume between the U. S. and Cuba, determine what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. firm to conduct business successfully in Cuba. Your assignment must: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Rom an font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length. †¢ The specific Course Learning Outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ Analyze the major economic, cultural, and political/legal aspects of the international business environment, including the economic dynamics of foreign trade, impact of regional and global trade integration, and key cultural dimensions affecting marketing operations. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. †¢ †¢ Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric. Points: 240 Criteria 1. Analyze the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. Weight: 20% Case Study 2: America's Cuban Conundrum (Case 5-1) Unacceptable (Below 70% F) Did not submit or incompletely analyzed the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. Did not submit or incompletely decided who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. Did not submit or incompletely composed a Fair (70-79% C) Partially analyzed the key issue that prompted the EU to take the HelmsBurton dispute to the WTO. Partially decided who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. Partially composed a resolution to the trade situation Proficient (80-89% B) Satisfactorily analyzed the key issue that prompted the EU to take the Helms-Burton dispute to the WTO. Satisfactorily decided who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. Satisfactorily composed a resolution to the Exemplary (90-100% A) Thoroughly analyzed the key issue that prompted the EU to take the HelmsBurton dispute to the WTO. Thoroughly decided who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. Thoroughly composed a resolution to the 2. Decide who benefits and who suffers from an embargo of this type and explain your rationale. Weight: 20% 3. Compose a resolution to the trade situation between the U. S. and  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 8 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Cuba. Weight: 25% resolution to the trade situation between the U. S. and Cuba. Did not submit or incompletely determined what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. irm to conduct business successfully in Cuba. More than 6 errors present between the U. S. and Cuba. Partially determined what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. firm to conduct business successfully in Cuba. 5-6 errors present trade situation between the U. S. and Cuba. Satisfactorily determined what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. firm to conduct bus iness successfully in Cuba. 3-4 errors present trade situation between the U. S. and Cuba. Thoroughly determined what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. irm to conduct business successfully in Cuba. 4. Given that trade relations resume between the U. S. and Cuba, determine what type of economic barriers would have to be overcome by a U. S. firm to conduct business successfully in Cuba. Weight: 25% 5. Clarity and writing mechanics. Weight: 10% 0-2 errors present  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 9 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Case Study 3: Carmakers Target Gen Y (Case 7-2) Due Week 6 and worth 240 points Write a 4-5 page report that answers the following: 1. Explain the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. 2. Analyze the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. 3. Determine the rationale behind Toyota's decision to limit the number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Do you agree or disagree? Provide a rationale. 4. Research current strategies that Ford and GM are using to cater to this particular market segment. Your assignment must: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. †¢ The specific Course Learning Outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Integrate the concepts of market segmentation, product development, and pricing policies into viable marketing strategy to fit a variety of international market environments. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric. Points: 240 Criteria 1. Explain the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. Weight: 20% 2. Analyze the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. Weight: 20% Case Study 3: Carmakers Target Gen Y (Case 7-2) Unacceptable (Below 70% F) Did not submit or incompletely explained the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. Did not submit or incompletely analyzed the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. Did not submit or incompletely determined the Fair (70-79% C) Partially explained the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. Partially analyzed the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. Proficient (80-89% B) Satisfactorily explained the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. Satisfactorily analyzed the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. Satisfactorily determined the rationale behind Exemplary (90-100% A) Thoroughly explained the strategy behind Asian automakers targeting Gen Y. Thoroughly analyzed the strategy behind Honda and Toyota creating new vehicles such as the Element and the Scion. 3. Determine the rationale behind Toyota's decision to limit the Partially determined the rationale behind Toyota's decision to Thoroughly determined the rationale behind  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 10 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Do you agree or disagree? Provide a rationale. Weight: 25% rationale behind Toyota's decision to limit the number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Provided a rationale for agreement or disagreement. Did not submit or incompletely researched current strategies that Ford and GM are using to cater to this particular market segment. More than 6 errors present limit the number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Provided a partial rationale for agreement or disagreement. Partially researched current strategies that Ford and GM are using to cater to this particular market segment. Toyota's decision to limit the number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Provided a satisfactory rationale for agreement or disagreement. Satisfactorily researched current strategies that Ford and GM are using to cater to this particular market segment. 3-4 errors present Toyota's decision to limit the number of Scion vehicles available for sale. Provided a thorough rationale for agreement or disagreement. Thoroughly researched current strategies that Ford and GM are sing to cater to this particular market segment. 0-2 errors present 4. Research current strategies that Ford and GM are using to cater to this particular market segment. Weight: 25% 5. Clarity and writing mechanics. Weight: 10% 5-6 errors present  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further d istributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 11 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Case Study 4: Advertising, Public Relations, and the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Case 13-1) Due Week 8 and worth 240 points Write a 4-5 page report that answers the following: 1. Analyze the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. 2. Assess the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics. 3. Evaluate whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. 4. Analyze how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. Your assignment must: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific Course Learning Outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Analyze an integrated marketing communication (IMC) strategy to support global marketing operations. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. Grad ing for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric. Points: 240 Criteria 1. Analyze the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Weight: 20% Case Study 4: Advertising, Public Relations, and the 2008 Beijing Olympics (Case 13-1) Unacceptable (Below 70% F) Did not submit or incompletely analyzed the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Did not submit or incompletely assessed the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Fair (70-79% C) Partially analyzed the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Proficient (80-89% B) Satisfactorily analyzed the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Exemplary (90-100% A) Thoroughly analyzed the reasons why the Chinese government hired a Western public relations firm to work on the 2008 Beijing Olympics. 2. Assess the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics. Weight: 20% Partially assessed the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics. Satisfactorily assessed the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics. Thoroughly assessed the reasons why protesters and activists target events such as the Olympics.  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 12 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics 3. Evaluate whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. Weight: 25% Olympics. Did not submit or incompletely evaluated whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. Did not submit or incompletely analyzed how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. More than 6 errors present Partially evaluated whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. Partially how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. Satisfactorily evaluated whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. Satisfactorily how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. Thoroughly evaluated whether the opportunity to reach a global audience by advertising during the Olympics offsets the potential for bad publicity. Thoroughly how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. 4. Analyze how well of a job the companies identified in this case did in anticipating and responding to the protests. Weight: 25% 5. Clarity and writing mechanics. Weight: 10% 5-6 errors present 3-4 errors present 0-2 errors present  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 13 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics Case Study 5: eBay in Asia (Case 15-2) Due Week 10 and worth 240 points Write a 4-5 page report that answers the following: 1. Analyze the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided 2. Compare and contrast the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. 3. Assess what eBay’s shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. 4. Formulate some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian market. Your assignment must: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. †¢ The specific Course Learning Outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Evaluate and adapt corporate marketing strategies to fit the changing dynamics of foreign markets and foster a competitive advantage. Use technology and information resources to research issues in international marketing. Write clearly and concisely about international marketing using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric. Points: 240 Criteria 1. Analyze the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided. Weight: 20% Case Study 5: eBay in Asia (Case 15-2) Unacceptable (Below 70% F) Did not submit or incompletely analyzed the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided. Did not submit or incompletely compared and contrasted the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. Did not submit or Fair (70-79% C) Partially analyzed the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided. Partially compared and contrasted the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. Proficient (80-89% B) Satisfactorily analyzed the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided. Satisfactorily compared and contrasted the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. Satisfactorily Exemplary (90-100% A) Thoroughly analyzed the key factors that have caused eBay to struggle in Japan, China, and other Asian markets to determine if these mistakes could have been avoided. Thoroughly compared and contrasted the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. Thoroughly 2. Compare and contrast the strategies used by Yahoo and eBay in their Asian market approach. Weight: 20% 3. Assess what eBay’s Partially assessed 2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 14 of 17 MKT 505 – Assignments and Rubrics shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. Weight: 25% incompletely assessed what eBay’s shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. Did not submit or incompletely formulated some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian market. More than 6 errors present what eBay’s shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. assessed what eBay’s shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. Satisfactorily formulated some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian market. 3-4 errors present assessed what eBay’s shift to giving control of its main China operation to Tom Online signifies. 4. Formulate some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian arket. Weight: 25% 5. Clarity and Writing Mechanics. Weight: 10% Partially formulated some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian market. 5-6 errors present Thoroughly formulated some additional strategies that eBay could use in the Asian market. 0-2 errors present  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer Univer sity Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 15 of 17 MKT505 – Student Notes Weekly Course Schedule The purpose of the course schedule is to give you, at a glance, the required preparation, activities, and evaluation components of your course. For more information about your course, whether on-ground or online, access your online course shell. The expectations for a 4. 5 credit hour course are for students to spend 13. 5 hours in weekly work. This time estimate includes preparation, activities, and evaluation regardless of the delivery mode. Instructional Materials In order to be fully prepared, obtain a copy of the required textbooks and other instructional materials prior to the first day of class. When available, Strayer University provides a link to the first three (3) chapters of your textbook(s) in eBook format. Check your online course shell for availability. Review the online course shell or check with your professor to determine whether Internet-based assignments and activities are used in this course. Instructional materials are obtained through the university’s virtual bookstore and can be accessed through iCampus: http:bookstore. mbsdirect. net/strayer. htm. Courses with Internet-based assignments and activities on publisher sites may require the purchase of onetime access codes. When purchasing used textbooks, a separate access code purchase will be necessary. Discussions Students taking this course online are required to post their discussions to a weekly thread in the online course shell. Respond to at least two (2) other students’ posts to earn full credit for each discussion. As it is always possible that you could lose your work due to unforeseen circumstances, you should routinely save your work in a separate file before posting in the course discussion area. Professors hold discussions during class time for on-ground students. Check with your professor if any additional discussion participation is required in the online course shell outside of class hours. Assignments A standardized performance grading rubric is a tool your professor will use to evaluate your written assignments. Review the rubric before submitting assignments that have grading rubrics associated with them to ensure you have met the performance criteria stated on the rubric. Grades are based on individual effort. There is no group grading; however, working in groups in the online or on-ground classroom is acceptable. Assignments for online students are always submitted through the online course shell. On-ground professors will inform students on how to submit assignments, whether in paper format or through the online course shell. Resources The Resource Center navigation button in the online course shell contains helpful links. Strayer University Library Resources are available here as well as other important information. You should review this area to find resources and answers to common questions. Technical support is available for the following: †¢ For technical questions, please contact Strayer Online Technical Support by logging in to your iCampus account at https://icampus. strayer. edu/login and submitting a case under â€Å"Student Center,† then â€Å"Submit Help Ticket. † If you are unable to log in to your iCampus account, please contact Technical Support via phone at (877) 642-2999.  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 16 of 17 MKT505 – Student Notes †¢ For concerns with your class, please access the Solution Center by logging in to your iCampus account at https://icampus. strayer. edu/login and submitting a case under â€Å"Student Center,† then â€Å"Submit Help Ticket. † If you are unable to log in to your iCampus account, please contact the IT Help Desk at (866) 610-8123 or at mailto:[email  protected] edu. TurnItIn. com is an optional online tool to assess the originality of student written work. Check with your professor for access and use instructions. The Strayer Policies link on the navigation bar in the online course shell contains academic policies. It is important that students be aware of these policies. .  ©2011 Strayer University. All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. MKT 505 Student Version 1118 (1016 9-27-11)    Page 17 of 17

Recent Earthquake Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Recent Earthquake Analysis - Research Paper Example American Plate (moving towards west) encounters the Caribbean Plate (moving towards east), causing a relatively active zone of subduction and systems of volcanic island-arc. The Antilles zone of subduction is in the southeast direction of this. In the same manner, the South Sandwich Islands which are located in the southern Atlantic also indicate an active zone of subduction. In this case, the Atlantic Plate undergoes subduction under the Antarctic Plate, leading to the creation of the volcanic South Sandwich Islands (Salkey, 59). The majority of highly destructive tsunamis in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean were caused by either the result of volcanic eruption or seismic (earthquake) activity. A considerable proportion of these led to localized death and damage, but no regionally catastrophic scale damages beyond the Caribbean. There are numerous unconfirmed and confirmed tsunami events that led to localized flooding, particularly in the Caribbean Islands and South Sandwich Islands. There have been slightly over 50 confirmed tsunamis, differing in size, around the Caribbean Islands and South Sandwich Islands since the year 1530 (Selinus,

Statistics and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Statistics and Ethics - Essay Example These issues arise from the initial stages, intermediary and final stages. The initial stages comprise of formulating the goals and objectives of the research, design and data collection, this stage major ethical challenge is due to the political influence, personal beliefs and other influential people who intend to limit the ethical nature of the research. Intermediary stage comprises of data organization, the analysis, and presentation. The major issues in this stage are poor handling of data leading to data tampering and poor interpretation of data that lead to false results. Finally, in the final stages, most statistical conclusions and inferences are mistaking correlation with causality and misinterpretation of data to ensure benefits of some benefactors. These ethical issues are based on deception or discrimination of which decision is better than the other is. Cases of Statistical Issues and Responses Based on Ethics Theories Personal values are very important when an individu al is faced with a dilemma situation. The individual’s decision-making is based on the source of his personal values. These values result in the need to lie or not to lie based on the ethical theory he derives his personal values. The following are cases that portray the relationship of personal values and ethical theories in their decision-making. A person’s values derived from rights theory will decide not to deceive if he acknowledges that deception would violate the rights of an individual.

System design requirements document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

System design requirements document - Essay Example These checks up results are the one used by the doctor as part of making decision on the patient sickness. All these information provided by the different clinical providers is input into the system. 2. Senior leadership- They are involved in providing cash to purchase a new system in the clinic. They are also involved in making decisions whether to change the workflow of the system. These activities make them to be consulted anytime a change is to be made to the system. 3. Medical records staff- This is the person charged with the responsibility of registering patients into the clinic. The staff has also a role of maintaining the medical records. The medical records may include drug supply and releases which is an important aspect to the clinic. Maintaining the drug supply will ensure the doctors do not prescribe a non existing drug. The medical records staff can carry these activities by feeding the data in the system to help in calculations. 4. Administrators/ clinical managers- T hese group have a role of seeing the smooth running of the clinic every day. They also ensure quality improvement in delivery of services leading to the need of including them in requirement collection. 2. Workflow This the procedure followed in a clinic before a patient receives treatment. The workflow starts when a patient visits the clinic to the time they leave. 1. Patient walks into the clinic 2. a. If new patient collection of registration details which includes name, contact information and medical history. b. If an old patient retrieval of the medical record is done by the clerk. 3. Patient moves to the waiting room. 4. The clerk forwards the patient’s medical file to the doctor on duty. 5. Patient proceeds to the check up room 6. Check up on blood pressure, temperature and weight is carried on the patient. 7. The patient proceeds to the doctor’s office with the written form on check up results. 8. The doctor enquires on the reason of the visit. This will estab lish the sickness of the patient. 9. Doctor prescribes medication and billing to the patient. 10. The patient proceeds to the cashier’s desk and pays for the medication. 11. Collection of medication takes place at the pharmacies desk and advice on the way to take it. 12. The patient checks out of the clinic. 3. Improvements to the workflow The main factor affecting the clinical workflow was overbooking by patients. The system should eliminate this by ensuring that the numbers of patients who visit the clinic per day do not exceed the needed number. This can be done by establishing a procedure where patients books appointments long before seeing the doctor. This ensures patients scheduled for a day do not exceed the maximum number a doctor can handle. Another improvement required is to eliminate the delay by patients at the registration desk. The study showed patients spent a lot of time giving information at the reception desk. The main solution would be to reduce the amount of data collected on a specific patient. The contact information would just include the phone number leaving the rest of the things like physical address, zip code and city. This would reduce the amount of time taken to attend to each patient. Improvement on information passing from the different offices was also required. Automation is supposed to allow once a clerk logs a patient visit the doctor can access the patient’s files online. The manual tracing of files can also be eliminated

Issues in EU from Swedish perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Issues in EU from Swedish perspective - Essay Example Hence Sweden had brought about Skr, 2002-03 providing equal amount of opportunity in order to formulate skills which are not stereotyped in gender terms. (Gender - Sensitive and women friendly public policies -Sweden: Analysis of Policy Context and Policies) During the presidency of the European Union, Sweden claims that top priority is given to gender equality and implemented the EU policy for greater equality between women and men. (Sweden carried EU gender equality work forward) Open Method of Co-ordination -- OMC has also been an important issue which is being promoted by the European Union and its implementation is being significantly emphasized among the member nations. Due to the activities of the European Union, Sweden has brought about various reform processes focused on mobilizing the labor, re-modeling the social benefits as well as the pensions schemes. With regard to the employment arena also, Sweden turned its efforts towards enhancing the work incentives for some of the groups in a number of ways in order to better the social partnerships at the national level and hence minimize the gender gaps in terms of employment and pay scales. In order to promote the European Union policies as well as to satisfy the particular forms of recommendations of the commission, Sweden depended on the national culture and traditions, yet leads to an active work-oriented approach. (European Policy Co-ordination and the OMC) As a measure of the economic unification within Europe, an agreement which is called Treaty on European Union was being entered upon calling for the formation of economic and monetary union -- EMU as well as a common unit of exchange and also for the purpose of setting up the criterion for the level of participation in EMU. Thus, the European Union has created a common currency called as the Euro, firstly in the 12 member nations and further extended to other members also. Sweden delayed joining of the EMU along with the other member countries such as Britain, Denmark, as a result of the concern of the loss of national Sovereignty. Sweden is extremely open towards international trade, exports as well as imports amounting to two-thirds of GDP with half of the trade within the Euro-zone. Thus, Sweden believes that on joining the EMU, Sweden's trade with the Euro-zone would rise to over fifty percent resulting in considerable boost to the Swedish output as well as welfare. (EMU and Swe dish Trade) The basic underlying goal of the European Union with regard to the economic and social cohesion is being stated in the Treaty of Amsterdam. Within this treaty the community states its will in order to formulate and to carry forward the actions in order to strengthen the economic as well as social cohesion as an effort to promote the complete harmonious growth as well as minimize disparities among the various arenas of progress of the various regions. In the year 1995, Sweden had got a resolution being adopted unanimously for

Picot Question In Hospital Patients Research Proposal

Picot Question In Hospital Patients - Research Proposal Example There is a big difference between the use of specialty beds, dry visco-elastic polymer bed, and the standard beds for the patients with limited mobility especially with regard to pressure ulcers. The foam outlays on the specialty tables reduce the vulnerability to pressure ulcers compared to the standard beds, which lack such comfort. The specialty bed also has a visco-elastic polymer foam mattress, which absorbs energy hence preventing pressure ulcer as compared to the standard beds. The specialty beds provide extra relief through the use of technology in the creation of dynamic surfaces. This accommodates the patients who have limited mobility hence prevention of pressure ulcers. Maklebust & Sieggreen (2009) conjectures that the kinetic beds aid in the recuperation process of ulcer pressures unlike the standard beds. This is because this bed contains a material rotation mattress which rotates a patient from side to side in order to change the pressure points. Therefore, the kinetic specialty beds serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. The kinetic specialty bed also contains alternating pressure mattresses whereby a patient lies on air-filled sacs. These sacs sequentially inflate and deflate resulting in alternation in pressure between the patient and the mattress. This leads to pressure at va rious body parts within a short duration hence reducing the span of high pressure on any part of the body at any time. The air loss specialty bed also helps in the prevention of pressure ulcers as compared to the standard bed. This is a bed whereby patients rest on air sacs through which warm air passes hence the creation of modulated warmth for the patients. Barnett (2006) asserts that the temperature of the air can be changed with regard to the need for the patient. In addition, the pressure of the pillows used in this specialty bed can be changed in a bid to redistribute pressure for the patient. In addition, this specialty bed provides continuous flow of air hence preventing formation of moisture on the surface of the patient’s body. This specialty bed also offers a low air loss mechanism; hence, prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss bed also reduces the pressure exerted on the mattress by the body. This specialty bed also enhances the dressing of the patients w ithout friction hence prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss aids in the prevention of pressure than the standard bed through improvement of the skin micro climate .This is achieved through the maintenance of a normal moisture level between the skin and the support surface of the patient. This specialty bed also regulates the body temperature of the patient. The air-flow beneath the patient’s skin helps in the reduction of pressure hence preventing pressure ulcers. This specialty bed also contains a micro-porous cover sheet which allows air onto the surface of the skin of the patient. This bed also contains granular material, which is used for supporting a patient on a porous covering sheet. According to Hopp & Rittenmeyer (2012), the other form of specialty bed is the combination of the air-fluidized and low-air -loss bed. This bed is designed in the sense that the lower part of the bed is filled with the fluidized component while the other half has the low air loss component. The head of this bed is adjustable hence it is can be adjusted for the patient’s comfort. However, it is lighter than the standard bed. This specialty bed reduces the pressure ulcers. The other feature of this bed is that it rhymes with the body contours. The specialty beds also are fitted with seat cushions which also serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. This is possible given that this bed surface reduces the pressure that the weight of the patient’s body exerts on the skin when the patient is resting. This specialty bed also helps in the healing of developed pressure ulcers. The dynamic specialty beds utilize electricity or a battery in the

Should the driving age be raised to 21 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Should the driving age be raised to 21 - Essay Example l communities started voicing out their apprehension regarding the issue of driving and there has been much debate on the decision of age limitations, by the government. Numerous road accidents have occurred and as a result many lives have been lost. Records show that more teens are involved in these catastrophes (BBC 2007). Although teens utilize their energy to meet the demands of their school and social activities, people in authority and other grown-ups have been concerned about the driving age, since every generation produces a more inflexible group of teenagers than before. Gwyneth Dunwoody, transport committee chairman speaks out rightly about a revolutionary process to take place because it is not a game of losing lives. The height of desensitization is such that a teen from Spalding, Lincolnshire demanded her license saying that she had lost two of her friends in the accidents but she does not want the rules on acquiring license to be changed. She thinks she is â€Å"in the middle of nowhere† without her license (BBC 2007). Teen driving or underage driving can be a threat to other passengers of the vehicle also. Studies and researches inform of reduced number of deaths if teens drive at a later stage. Some argue that by getting driving education, this issue can be resolved. There has been, however, no change observed even after that, according to several investigations done in different parts of the USA and Great Britain. Some states allow driving from the age of 14 such as in South Dakota. New Jersey, Britain and almost the entire European U nion was sticking to 17 and 18 respectively. These variations arise due to the diverse nature and setup of each locality. The public turns to the rulers of the state to make a reasonable move so that the same is maintained throughout the nation (D’Amico & Alex 2006). Until 2008, news articles were debating over the increase of age to 18 all over the region. There was a keen response from the media and general public.

Sherlok Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sherlok - Essay Example Jams Watson, I feel taken a back into the 19th century, which I believe had the most intelligent human beings. Holmes’ intelligence is intertwined in his epic stoicism, sharp humour and encyclopaedic memory. I would like to focus on the plot because; the development of this story is boring. It is until one reads a number of the adventures that, the flow is realized. Holmes’s character and purpose in the adventures is realized when connecting the themes of all the Adventures and this is the sole reason of focusing on the plot of this piece of literary work. The part, when a helpless client enters to explain his mind on the determination of his case by the police. The presence of both the narrator and Holmes in the house and the subsequent events, that saw the narrator express his feeling of elucidating the most singular case, is a critical section in describing the narrator. It indicates his thinking ability, royalty and sincerity. I will like to talk about the time or periods, when the two primary characters carry out investigation of a case and take pleasure after work well done. For the case of investigation, I enjoy following Holmes apt investigative skills and the skilful ultimate interpretation (Arthur, 19). The second experience, the two characters enjoy by drinking and smoking. This indicates the other side of the two characters during leisure time. They do all sorts of things in a bid to enjoy themselves. The first experience benefits me, particularly when trying to imagine Holmes’ natural skills of investigation and solving cases (Arthur, 25). On the other hand, the second experience did not benefit me because of the reckless drinking and smoking, which indicates the bad side of the two

How persuasive are the design arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How persuasive are the design arguments - Essay Example People always wanted to know much about the origin of humanity. This issue has always been mysterious for us and it really seems that nature that allowed us to touch upon its secrets, would like to hide the truth from humans. However, there are people, who dared to try to find out the truth. They are famous philosophers, who played an important role in the life of all of us. The philosophers devoted their lives to science in order to create the arguments, which attempt to explain the origin of humanity. The argument from design was widely discussed and serves as a foundation of the modern science. The given paper will make an overview of the arguments and come to corresponding conclusion. William Paley in his book Natural Theology (1802) paralleled between the living things intricacy and subordinate intricacy of a surveillance that was created by an intelligent creature, as it was known. This version is considered to be classic. Taking into account the reasoning from design, or teleological argument, the design that was discovered in the universe gave reason to talk about subsistence of the intelligent creator that is usually depicted as God. Paley underlined in his works that a watch could not become possible without the creator of this watch, thus it became clear that living creatures had no opportunity to exist without an intelligent creator. There is a version that living things are the offspring of intelligent design. It could be concluded that watches refer to the intelligent design, thus living creatures have similarity with them. The living things are â€Å"equipped† with the eyes, the main tools of gathering the information. Paley states: â€Å"[S]upp ose I found a watch upon the ground, and it should be inquired how the watch happened to be in that place, I should hardly think †¦ that, for anything I knew, the watch might have always been there. Yet why should not this answer serve for the watch as well as for [a] stone [that happened to be lying on the ground† (Paley, 1809. p.1). The idea of Paley is based generally on biological aspect and its intricacy. This version was seriously considered, when Mr. Darwin presented his famous evolution theory based on the natural selection in 1859. Darwin in this way explained how livings creatures, which are intelligent, could adapt in a perfect way to their environment, even if they were not so intelligent. By this statement Darwin doubted the Paley’s idea about the biological base of argument to design to a considerable degree. The 20th century gave birth to another argument that was connected to the cosmology. This argument is also called fine-tuning argument. It state s that it is possible to explain the life on the planet by the different independent natural processes, but the fact that the universe gave chance for the life existing on the privilege position, confirmed the presence of the intelligent creator. For example, you should understand that for life as it exists now at the earth many incipient conditions and values as well as physical constants are necessary. If these conditions do not operate in appropriate way or make some tiny error, life will be just impossible in our universe. This statement represents the additional proof of theory of the existence of some intelligent creature that made all conditions, values and constants work on life creation. Hurben and Drange claimed that the denomination of the different physical constants could be combined only with the possible found denomination. In this argument to design other possible combinations could not exist. In this case Carrier and Drange also claimed that such characteristic as f ine-tuning could be concerned as illusion, in the light of what was stated above. In the book called Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion by David Hume you can find critics to this theory. Norman Smith underlined that Hume’s criticism was not only pernicious but also complete. This point of

My Last Duchess Essay Example for Free

My Last Duchess Essay In the Poem My Last Duchess by Robert Browning the heartless and haughty speaker explains a painting of his last wife while inadvertently revealing a darker side to his last marriage than one might view from they outside. The poem depicts a dense stream of conscious feel to it by using language and sentence structure common to conversation earlier to the time period it was written. The use of twas not , and the English spelling of favour suggests the poem occurred in a time period in which husbands held power over their wives with such things as nine-hundred-years-old names and money. Brownings great usage of dated speaking style creates a historical medium from which the event which slowly unfold. The poem is masked in a conversation with one person speaking in a dramatic monologue about his beloved portrait of the last duchess he married. The rhetorical questions Whod this sort of trifling and end rhymes in the couplets throughout the poem wall call and had glad drive the poem from one line to the next . These techniques create motion in the poem much like the anger and arrogance that the Duke exerted towards his deceased wife to control her. The diction of this poem mirrors the force with which the Duke ruled his house as well as the social male norms at the time. The poem My Last Duchess is told from first point of view by a selfish man admiring his late wifes smiling portrait. As the Duke entertains his guest, you, he tells of My favour after contemplating how shall I say? that his wife flirted with all she encountered. The biased first person account of the death of the duchess leads the reader into the center of the mans thoughts and allows for a more in depth understanding of his desire for control toward his wife even in death. His dramatic monologue gives perhaps more information concerning the specifics of his involvement in wifes death than he realizes. The quotations incorporated within the poem such as Just this or that in you disgusts me and Her mantle laps over my Ladys wrist too much as well as the direct address Sir, twas all one to the guest shows the Dukes self-important attitude and his high regards for the thoughts which he believes others are thinking. The Duke boasts that he now holds the power to let others see the smile of the portrait that was meant only for him. He gets so enthralled with his own story of his wife he reveals that his commands ended the duchesss smiles and possibly her life. The first person point of view for this poem explains further the thirst for power and self-love which the Duke honors himself with by controlling the women and people in his life of which he feels superior. Browning illustrates the complexity of the controlling Duke by showing his carelessness and arrogance by the words he uses to impress his guest. The Duchess painted on the wall has a countenance that only can be seen by the command of the Duke. When the Duke believes the Duchess finds interest in other people beside her husband, The Duke, gave a command which stopped all her smiles to everyone. When the Duke could not obtain complete power over and tame his young wife, she died in a manner which is not fully explained. The Duke with the nine-hundred-year old name is meeting with a man that is offering the Duke his daughter another young maiden for marriage. This offer of marriage is gladly accepted by the Duke no doubt is eager to attempt to tame yet another sea-horse of a wife. For the Duke this marriage is a trial of the subservience of women to their wealthy and powerful husbands. The details given in this poem bring forth the conclusion that the Duke got rid of his last Duchess and is now ready for a new one. The title of the poem My Last Duchess suggests that the Duke had had more than one Duchess. Had the poem illustrated the Dukes first wife it could have been titled My First Duchess. The startling command line toward the end of the poem lets the reader realize that this man has the power to make a woman be remembered by nothing more than a portrait controlled by the master of the house. This poem has themes commonly found in the local color movement and associated with feminism. Browning gives the audience a picture of the dark and distorted beginning of a new couple and marriage.

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse

Dual Diagnosis: Eating Disorders and Alcohol/Substance Abuse Alcoholism is characterized by a strong craving to drink, an inability to stop drinking once beginning, a physical dependence upon alcohol to prevent symptoms of withdrawal, and a need for greater amounts of alcohol due to increased tolerance. Substance abuse is defined as the routine use of harmful substances for mood-altering purposes and can include illicit drugs, such as cocaine or heroin, prescription or over-the-counter drugs. Because alcoholism and substance abuse are known as co-occurring disorders, it usually develops alongside other illnesses, such aseating disorderor anxiety disorder. Eating disorders have been associated with high risk substance abuse as the individual has extremely low self-esteem and anxiety, to cope with their painful feelings they turn to stimulants like cocaine or meth, alcohol, laxatives, diuretics, emetics and amphetamines with are frequently used to decrease appetite, increase metabolism, promote weight loss or to purge unwanted calories after eat ing. Symptoms that occur with eating disorders vary a lot. You can experience obsessive thoughts about food and body weight can change eating patterns such as dieting, making excuses not to eat, avoidance of social situations involving food, going to the bathroom straight after meals, your mood can fluctuate from feeling depressed, irritable or anxious, daily activities are affected as you don’t want to go out socially, exercising excessively, spending a lot of time talking about appearance or weight or looking in the mirror and appearance such as wearing baggy clothes to disguise their weight, losing or gaining weight, greasy or dry hair and skin. As a result of these symptoms many individuals turn to alcoholism or substance abuse especially when they become stressed, depressed, have anxiety, low self esteem as it can elevate their mood and become more relaxed in their own skin. Especially people with eating disorders can rely heavily on alcohol as they have symptoms that alcohol reduces for that period of binging. It also can eliminate their feelings of worthlessness. It is also used as a hunger suppressant and to lose weight.The coping mechanisms of purging, bingeing, restricting, drinking is used as they have lost their connection with the original problem, in other words to forget about reality.Or alcohol can have the opposite effect on the individual about their lifestyle and it could result in suicide. Diagnosis of condition: there are two ways to find out the diagnosis of eating disorders and they are a physical evaluations and psychological evaluations. The physical evaluations can include recording their weight and height to get their body mass index, check their vital signs such as heart rate, blood pressure, pulse, temperature. You need to check their skin integrity to see whether there are any skin tears or is dry and flaky. Also need to do an abdomen examination, urinalysis, blood test to check their electrolytes; as theses will show us if the liver, kidney and thyroid functions are healthy or not. Psychological evaluations involves asking questions regarding their eating habits, behavior, purging, bingeing, exercise, self image, alcohol and substance abuse. These questions can be administered by your doctor or a mental health professional. After undergoing both physical and psychological evaluations the doctor will then see if you fit the criteria by reviewing all your sign s and symptoms and then a diagnostic is given. Management of the condition is to be referred to a nutritionist, undergo psychotherapy and be placed on medication to prevent hospitalization. The nutritionist will educate you and get you back to a healthy weight range; psychotherapist will help you exchange your unhealthy habits for healthy ones to ensure you have changed your eating habits and also educate them on the effects that the alcohol is having on their bodies. There is no medication that can cure eating disorders but can assist you with your sudden urges to binge or purge. They can also be given anti-depressants for depression and anxiety as this will most likely occur in eating disorders. Relaxation therapy is also extremely effective such as yoga, acupuncture, and massage and chamomile tea. They can also get counseling about their alcohol and drug addiction and slowly withdraw them off the substances. There are many companies and support groups out now that can help individuals with both drug and alcohol abuse. What is the prevalence of the condition in the Australian population? Eating disorders affect 9% of the Australian population, with up to 20% of females being not yet diagnosed. There has there been an increase in the prevalence in the past decade as it has doubled for both males and females. The reason for this change is that more teenagers are more susceptible to the pressures of social media and self image of being the perfect shape and size. It is becoming easier to access drugs and alcohol off the streets or have connections with individuals that are older and can buy it for them. Bullying in primary, secondary and tertiary schools and workplace related bullying. As a health professional, what could you do to participate in the ongoing education of people in society in relation to mental health and the disorder you have chosen? By going to local primary schools, high schools and tertiary schools to educate the students on the real risk factors of eating disorders drugs and alcohol have on their health and also talk about not falling to the social media pressures of being size 0 and trying to fit in. Place flyers up in local shops/companies/doctors clinic for people to read. Place adds in the news papers and online to spread the awareness of the affects that eating disorders and substance abuse can have on our selves, friends, families, co-workers and communities. How could you improve or maintain the flow of information between service providers and the community in relation to mental health? By running weekly forums on eating disorders and alcoholism to all ages, having various websites that the community can visit at any time, place ads on the TV about the impacts of eating disorders and advise everyone to get regular checkups at their local general practitioner. Dual diagnosis services are to support the development of responses of mental health and drug treatment services to individuals with both mental illness and substance use problems. They strive to develop the potential of hospital and community based alcohol and drug, and mental health treatment and support services to improve health outcomes of individuals with a dual diagnosis. Desiree Wyatt References Sane Australia. 2010.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.sane.org/information/factsheets-podcasts/179-eating-disorder. [Accessed 17 March 14]. The free dictionary. 2013.compulsive eating. [ONLINE] Available at:http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Compulsive+Eating. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Mayo clinic. 2013.eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/tests-diagnosis/con-20033575. [Accessed 17 March 14]. National eating disorders collaboration. 2013.eating disorders in Australia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.nedc.com.au/eating-disorders-in-australia. [Accessed 17 March 14]. eastern heath great health and wellbeing. 2013.dual diagnosis. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.easternhealth.org.au/services/mentalhealth/adult/dualdiagnosis.aspx. [Accessed 17 March 14]. Integrated Treatment of Substance Abuse Mental Illness. 2014. dual diagnosis, eating disorders. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.dualdiagnosis.org/eating-disorders/. [Accessed 16 July 14].

Types Of Business Activities And Business Organizations Commerce Essay

Types Of Business Activities And Business Organizations Commerce Essay Sole Trader-ship is the most primitive form of business organization. A business organization owned and managed by only one person, having full share of profit and responsible for all the losses of the organization is called sole trader-ship. Due to some of sole trader-ship the limitations including limited capital, limited scope of business and short-life a need for a new organization was felt. Thus a new business organization evolved that is known as partnership. In a partnership two or more persons pool together their resources to form the partnership business. The partnership combined financial resources, mental resources, and experience of partner for the success of the business enterprise. The rules and regulation that governs the partnership business is called partnership contract. The contract is the bye-laws of business and specifies the nature of the business, partners capital, profit and loss ratios and various terms and conditions relating to the business. Limited financial resources, unlimited liability and limited life of the partnership are cited as the peculiar demerits of the partnership, hence a need have been felt for a new organization that do not have the abovementioned demerits. A new type of business evolved after the industrial revolution called Joint Stock Company (Corporation in USA). A joint stock company is a business organization that is an artificial person, having perpetual existence and common seal with transferable shares, and separation of management from shareholders. This type of business tries to eliminate the demerits associated with sole-trader-ship and partnership (limited capital, limited life, and unlimited liability) plus it provides professional management of the company affairs through separation of ownership and management. The owner of the enterprise selects Board of Director amongst itself that chalk out broad-range policies concerning the business enterprise. The day-to-day affairs of the business a re run by professional who have expertise in their related field. Types of Business and Strategic Objectives: The objectives of the business depend on whether the business is owned by private investors or by the government. A private business is a business owned, managed and control by private investor(s. It may take any form including sole trader-ship, partnership or Joint Stock Company. On the other hand public enterprise also known as state-owned enterprise is owned, managed and run by government through its representative. If the business owned by private investors some of the possible objectives may be: To achieve a stated goal in terms of profit To achieve a stated goal in terms of sales To achieve a stated goal in terms of Return on Investment (ROI) To be a leader in a category To achieve a stated percentage of Earning Per Share (EPS) To be an environment friendly organization To be socially admirable organization To be a producer of quality products and/or services On the other hand if the business is owned by government (state owned enterprise) some of the possible objectives of the enterprise may be: To provide high quality services (e.g. health, education, communication etc) to the masses on equality bases To provide quality products and/or services to the masses at a lower cost as compared to private sector To reduce the disparity between the masses by reducing the income/status gape To provide access to quality product and/or services to all the masses irrespective of income, status, religion, geographic territory etc. Financial Activities and Organizational Structure: According to Vanhorn and Wachowics (2001) financial management is concerned with acquisition, financing and management of assets with some overall goal in mind. The overall goal is usually to increase the wealth of present and prospective shareholders. Organizational structure is an arrangement of organization activities that portray the various relationships amongst the organizational member. The organizational structure depicts who is the boss and who is the subordinate. Usually organizational structure are build on pyramid type, as depicted in Figure 1.3. Figure 1.3. Organizational Structure Macro (External) Environmental Factors: The macro environment consists of uncontrollable forces that directly or indirectly influence an organizations ability to achieve a desired result. In the word of Kotler and Armstrong (2003) marketing environment consists of the actors and forces outside marketing that affect marketing managements ability to build and maintain successful relationships with target customers. These influences create both opportunities and threats for a manager. A prudent manager is supposed to capitalize the opportunity provided by the macro environment and decrease potential bad impact of a threat that may hinder the organization performance. The macro environmental factors include economic factors, demographic factors, social and cultural factors, technological factors, and legal and political factors. An organization management is supposed to constantly monitor and evaluate these factors, and capitalize the opportunity if any. Organization that failed to take action in response to change in the environmental factors will not be able to succeed and hence to achieve its mission. Section 2 Investigating Business Resources. 2.1. Human Resource Management: Organization resources can be grouped into four categories including Financial, Information, Physical and Human Resources. According Braton (2005) Human Resources Management is the the direction of organizational systems to ensure effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals. The human resources of the organization are the most crucial assets of the organization. In fact one can argue that the factor responsible for success and failure in most of the cases is HR, but unfortunately it cannot be portrayed on Balance sheet as an Asset because it is priceless. 2.2. Purpose of Business and Technological Resources: Resources such as air, water, gas, oil, forests, paper, iron, core etc is known as physical resources, while technological resources includes, computer, plants, machinery etc. Organization needs to ensure that best utilizations of these scarce resources, by showing quality, efficiency, and waste management issues are addressed to improve performance and reduce costs. The management of these resources involved obtaining the desired materials, supplies, equipment, premises and energy and using them in the most efficient way to decrease operational cost and to attain the organizational objectives. 2.3. Access source of finances: In order to start a business or boost the established business through injection of new funds there are various sources of finances that an entrepreneur can access. The various options include banks that provide short, medium and long term finances to business enterprise. On the other hand there are also various developmental institutions that provide grants to boost a business in a particular sector, for example industry, trade, exports, agriculture, etc. Another possible option to get the fund is from venture capital provider, who usually charge slightly higher rate than the market. 2.4. Interpret financial statement: Financial statement is interpreted using ratio analysis. Financial ratio provides an insight about the firms performance. The organization can compare its financial results with its previous year results or they can compare the results with another player of the same industry. Financial ratios quantify many aspects of an organization including sales, profitability, creditworthiness, liquidity, usage of assets, and are an integral part of financial statement analysis. Thus ratios of a company in different industries provide an insight regarding a firms risk, capital requirements, and the nature of competition. Section 3. Introduction to marketing: 3.1. Key concept and principle of marketing: According to Kotler and Armstrong marketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. So we can say that the task of marketing is satisfy consumer needs and wants while achieving organization goals. A need is basic such as need for food, shelter, safety etc. when these needs are shaped by individual preferences and culture it becomes wants. The task of marketer is thus to identify a consumer need, translate that in wants, and designed the offering that have the capability to satisfy such needs and wants. When organization deliver the product and/or service to its customer, customer get a product and/or service, that have the ability to satisfy a consumer need and want while organization get money in exchange. 3.2. How and Why Marketing Research is conducted by Organizations: In achieving the organization mission and carrying out their marketing responsibilities, managers need a great deal of informations to make inform decision keeping in view the customer needs and wants. Marketing research provide manager insight regarding customer taste and preferences, product pricing, place and promotion strategy, competitors products, etc and help manager make better marketing decisions. Thus marketing manager increase his chances of success in the market by using up-to-date information while designing the marketing mix for the company offerings. Marketing research involves collecting information relevant to a specific marketing problem facing the organization through research by defining problem and coming up with the research objectives, preparing the research plan, and then implementing and interpreting the findings through research report for actions to marketing manager. 3.3. Kinds of Marketing Information used by Organization: According to OBrien and Marakas (2004), an information system can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communications, networks, and data resources that stores and retrieves, transform, and disseminates information in an organization. A company can use two types of marketing information based on the position of the end-users and type of use: the MIS for the managers and MIS for operational sales and marketing activities. The users of Marketing Information system and decision-making systems are primarily senior executives, Heads of SBUs and Manager Marketing, and analyst. Usually experts use raw data collected from various sources and refine them to be presented to marketing department. 3.4. How Marketing Increase Demand. The marketing concept is a process by which marketers identify consumer needs and wants and then provide products that satisfy these needs and wants, in a process of achieving organizational objectives. A product created and delivers based on the marketing concept benefit customer when it satisfies his need or want. When one have the ability, desire and authority to purchase certain product it is called demand. Marketer creates demand for his offering by providing to its target markets four types of utility known as form utility, place utility, form utility and possession utility. Section 4: Effective People communication and information: 4.1. Important of employing suitable people: For effective communication in an organization it is vital to employee suitable people across the organization. The communication within and outside the organization will have impact only when the receiver (one who receives and interpret the message) pursue exactly what the sender (a person who transmit and idea or message) mans. This depends a lot on the people inside the organization. If people inside the organization are talented and have mature personality they will interpret the message by using their professional skills acquired through various training and development. If the case is opposite, the organization will be facing difficulties in every wake of life. Communication skills of an employee also add goodwill for the employee as well as the organization. 4.2. Communication using appropriate method: The appropriate method of communication is first to determined the purpose of communication. The manager can determine that by answering: Why is the communication required? After defining the purpose of the communication the manager then need to identify the target audience, as the construction of message will depends a lot on the audience. He is supposed to ascertain some background information regarding the receiver of the message including position, educational level, experience etc. The communicator is then required to develop his message in a very clear, coherent, correct, concise and logical manner by maintain positive attitude that is reflected in choice of words. 4.3. Different type of information and how it can be process: Communication can occur through different processes and methods and can also be classified on the channel used and the style of communication. On the basis of channels communication can be divided into verbal communication (communication in written or oral form) and non-verbal (communication through body language, expressions, visuals etc.) On the basis of style communication can formal and informal. Formal communication occurs when in formal organization settings including communication between a superior and subordinate or organization and taxing authorities etc. On the other hand informal communication is free and unrestricted communication between employees who share casual relation with one another. An example of this is communication between pears. 4.4. Presenting Information Effectively: Effective information contains 7 characteristics that are known as 7 Cs of effective communication. This 7 Cs are Credibility, Courtesy, Clarity, Conciseness, Correctness, Coherent, and Consideration. Credibility of information means that the information present should be trustworthy. Courtesy means that the presenter of information should starts and end on courteous note. Clarity is important regardless of the content of the message. A message is clear when it contains information that is easily interpreted. A message should also be correct when it is 100% error and accurate and facts and figures are backed through documented evidence. The presented message need also be consistent, meaning stable and have no ups and down. Concreteness of message is present when the message is not vague and abstract but rather a solid statement that is used to reinforce the confidence. Conciseness of the message means providing to the point information to the target that saves time for both sender an d receiver. Section 5: Introduction to Accounting: 5.1. Purpose of accounting and categorization of business income and expenditure: Accounting is said to be the language of business. According Horngren and Harrison (2001), accounting is the system that measures business activities, processes that information into reports, and communicates these findings to decision makers. An organization income can be classified into Gross Income (the residual of total revenue minus cost of goods sold or direct expense), Operating Income (Gross Income minus Operating Expense), Income before taxes (Operating Income minus interest expenses) Income After Taxes (Income before taxes minus corporate taxes, if any). On the other hand expenses can be categorized on the basis of Cost of goods sold (material, labor and overhead expenses in case of manufacturing, and purchase price plus direct expenses in case of merchandizing business), operating expense (include marketing, sales and administration expense). 5.2. Preparing a cash flow forecasts: Cash flow forecast is the amount of money that organization expects that will come-in (Inflow of cash) and goes-out (outflow of cash). The inflow of cash includes sources such as cash sales, collection from customer, bank loan, and proceeds of stocks issued, or through sales of fixed assets. On the other hand cash outflows include all the disbursement to suppliers, payment of staff salaries and benefits, repayment of loan and/or capital, payment of expenses like rent, rates, taxes, capital expenditure for the acquisition of new assets, and interest payment by an organization. The total net cash flow is the difference between the total cash Inflow and total cash outflow for a particular period of time. The forecasting of cash flow includes tabulating all the major cash inflows, for example, cash sales, receipts from customer, loans etc and then analyzing the timing of expected payments in the form of salaries, material, capital expenditure etc. To this amount the current period net ca sh flow is added (if positive) while the desired started cash flow for the upcoming year is then subtracted. If the organization has left with negative figure then it arranges a loan accordingly. 5.3. Profit and loss account and balance sheet: The profit and loss account also known as Income statement portrays the results of business for particular period of time usually a year. It can be called a moving picture of the business stating the total revenue earned by the organization and total expenses incurred on earning the revenue, and the end result whether profit have been earned or losses have been sustained. On the other hand Balance Sheet depicts financial position of a business organization on a particular date usually at the end of year. Balance Sheet is like a snapshot of the organization that portrays the Assets it organization and liabilities and owners equity of the organization. 5.4. Review business performance using simple ratio analyze: In order to evaluate an organization performance one can use ratio analysis for interpreting the results and then comparing that with its own past results or with that of industry player. The most commonly used ratio includes liquidity ratios, that measure the business liquidity whether the firm will be able to pay its short term debts when it comes due or not. Profitability ratios measure firms profitability with respect to sales, equity, assets, long term assets etc. Coverage ratios measure whether firm will be able to pay its fixed charges from the profit or not. Activity ratios measure various activities of the organization including inventory, receivables, payables, etc.